Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 1052- 1069. The popularity of qualitative methods in social science research is a well-noted and most welcomed fact. They hypothesized that the presence of various types of coping skills would moderate this relationship between perceived stigma and self-esteem. This could be used to detect a user's affective state by monitoring and analyzing their physiological signs. This is the rationale behind using sampling techniques like convenience sampling by most researchers [5]. The corrugator supercilii muscle, also known as the 'frowning' muscle, draws the brow down into a frown, and therefore is the best test for negative, unpleasant emotional response.The zygomaticus major muscle is responsible for pulling the corners of the mouth back when you smile, and therefore is the muscle used to test for a positive emotional response. The checklist should follow the cover letter as part of the submission. and Huberman, A.M. 1994: Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook , second edition. This chapter critically reviews the principal source of data for the Cameron group's publications and identifies six serious errors in their sampling techniques, survey methodology, and interpretation of results. All rights reserved.). Golombok and Tasker (1996, 1997) studied 25 young adults reared by divorced lesbian mothers and 21 young adults reared by divorced heterosexual mothers. Huggins, S. L. (1989). Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. (1993). One statistically significant difference in self-concept emerged in Patterson's (1994a) study: Children of lesbian mothers reported greater symptoms of stress but also a greater overall sense of well-being than did children in a comparison group (Patterson, 1994a); but this result has yet to be replicated. (PsycINFO Database Record. The study findings are discussed in light of methodological problems in this type of research, and directions for future research are suggested. Using a phenomenological perspective, comparisons were drawn between heterosexual and lesbian respondents' adaptations to three common concerns: child custody, housing, and employment. 1-36. Father's attitude toward the mother's lesbianism was also related to subjects' SE. Johnson, S. M., & O'Connor, E. (2002). All rights reserved. . [48] A particularly simple form of biofeedback is available through gamepads that measure the pressure with which a button is pressed: this has been shown to correlate strongly with the players' level of arousal;[49] at the other end of the scale are braincomputer interfaces. Thus, he suggested that they are biological in origin and can, therefore, be safely and correctly categorized. However, sampling must be consistent with the assumptions and objectives essential in the use of either convenience sampling or purposive sampling. In many ways family life for children growing up in lesbian-led families is similar to that experienced by children in heterosexual families. Consistent with this result, lesbian mothers were also more likely than heterosexual mothers to report that their daughters often participated in rough-and-tumble play or occasionally played with "masculine" toys such as trucks or guns, but they reported no differences in these areas for sons. Compared the role and involvement in parenting of co-mothers in 15 British lesbian mother families with the role of resident fathers in two different groups of heterosexual families (43 families where the study child was conceived through donor insemination, and 41 families where the child had been naturally conceived). ), Money, J., & Ehrhardt, A. Psychological Reports, 44, 880-882. Existing data on children of lesbian mothers, however, suggest that children fare better when mothers are in good psychological health and living happily with a lesbian partner with whom they share child care. Morse, J. M., & Niehaus, L. (2009). New York: Oxford University Press. The paper focuses on (a) methodological problems in research on homosexuality; (b) studies comparing adjustment levels of male homosexuals and male heterosexuals, effeminate and noneffeminate male homosexuals, and female homosexuals and female heterosexuals; (c) the relationship between degree of homosexuality and adjustment; (d) homosexual subculture; and (e) the relationship between homosexuality and psychopathology. [56], Picard's focus is humancomputer interaction, and her goal for affective computing is to "give computers the ability to recognize, express, and in some cases, 'have' emotions". [11] Some emotions have been found to be more easily computationally identified, such as anger[12] or approval. Concepts are abstract ideas that arise out of perception and experience and are used to label phenomenon, events, or processes. San Francisco: Glide Publications. Thus, contemporary research on children of lesbian and gay parents involves a wider array of sampling techniques than did earlier studies. The North American Council on Adoptable Children issued a policy statement in 1998 (amended April 14, 2002) that states: Children should not be denied a permanent family because of the sexual orientation of potential parents. Sarafino, E. P. (1979). They divided household chores, decision making, and child-related tasks about equally. Telephone: (202) 467-8180 Recent developments in lesbian and gay adoption law. Pitch Discontinuity describes the transitions of the fundamental frequency. Peplau, L. A., & Spalding, L. R. (2000). American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65, 203-215. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2, 61-76. Stacey, J., & Biblarz, T. J. (Reprinted with permission of National Council on Family Relations. Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. Social Work, 25, 198-203. - Sei es die Anfahrtkosten zum Projekt Lesbians choosing motherhood: A comparative study of lesbian and heterosexual parents and their children. Gottman, J. S. (1990). (1982). Herek, G. M. (1998). (Ed.) Are children at risk for sexual abuse by homosexuals? More information on these initiatives is available under EDI Efforts. ), Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities in the family: Psychological perspectives (pp. In another study, Bailey and his colleagues (1995) studied adult sons of gay fathers and found more than 90% of the sons to be heterosexual. The brief reports format may be appropriate for empirically sound studies that are limited in scope, reports of preliminary findings that need further replication, or replications and extensions of prior published work. Should the sexual orientation of the parent play a part in the determination of custody or visitation in order to protect the child? Data were analyzed using R, version 4.0.0 (R Core Team, 2020) and the package ggplot, version 3.2.1 (Wickham, 2016). University of Iowa, United States, Debbiesiu Lee, PhD The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) approved the following statement in support of gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals in June 1999: The basis on which all decisions relating to custody and parental rights should rest on the best interest of the child. The phenomenon of planned lesbian families is relatively new. Proceedings of the American Psychological Association for the legislative year 2004: Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Council of Representatives, February 20-22, 2004, Washington, DC, and July 28 and 30, 2004, Honolulu, Hawaii, and Minutes of the February, April, June, August, October, and December 2004 Meetings of the Board of Directors. The differences between heuristic research and descriptive phenomenology are highlighted in this article for methodological clarity, and evidence from Moustakas's writings is presented to support the argument that heuristic inquiry could be considered either a personal or a transpersonal research method. Mean age was 6.1 years (range, 7 months to 17 yrs.). Families of the lesbian baby boom: Maternal mental health and child adjustment. This allows APA to check submissions for potential overlap with material previously published in scholarly journals (e.g., lifted or republished material). ), Gartrell, N., Hamilton, J., Banks, A., Mosbacher, D., Reed, N., Sparks, C. H., & Bishop, H. (1996). Thus, contemporary research on children of lesbian and gay parents involves a greater diversity of families than did earlier studies. New York: HarperCollins. Standardized interviews were used to obtain data on sexual orientation from the young adults in the follow-up study and on family characteristics and children's gender role behavior from the mothers and their children in the initial study. . Patterson, C. J., & Redding, R. E. (1996). This third report from a longitudinal study of lesbian families presents data obtained from interviews with mothers (aged 29-47 yrs.) Parents who had children after identifying themselves as gay or lesbian, including the influence on family dynamics of the complicated legal and social pressures with which these families are coping, are addressed. Also, the facial color signal is independent from that provided by facial muscle movements.[40]. Teachers College, Columbia University, United States, Eran Bar-Kalifa, PhD In heterosexual adoptive and lesbian biological families, the child's parental preference was rarely a source of conflict between partners. New York: Praeger. In The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. All results described in the abstract should accurately reflect findings reported in the body of the paper and should not characterize findings in stronger terms than the article. a happy-surprised face or a fearful-surprised face.[10]. Lesbians raising sons. Visit the Journals Publishing Resource Center for more resources for writing, reviewing, and editing articles for publishing in APA journals. A, s sample size increase the statistical power of the convenience sample also increases while, in purposive sampling, Sample size is determined by data saturation not by statistical power analysis [. All of the children were described as having contact with adult friends of their mothers, and most lesbian mothers reported that their adult friends were a mixture of homosexual and heterosexual individuals. [17] The list below gives a brief description of each algorithm: It is proved that having enough acoustic evidence available the emotional state of a person can be classified by a set of majority voting classifiers. Journal of Homosexuality, 7, 49-56. All rights reserved. Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the year 1994: Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Council of Representatives August 11 and 14, 1994, Los Angeles, CA, and February 17-19, 1995, Washington, DC. No abstract available. (1998). Kirkpatrick has also stated her impression that "contrary to the fears expressed in court, children in households that included the mother's lesbian lover had a richer, more open and stable family life" than did those in single-parent lesbian mother households (Kirkpatrick, 1987, p. 204). University of Iowa, United States, Alexis V. Arczynski, PhD Family lives of children with lesbian mothers. Galluccio, J., Galluccio, M., & Groff, D. M. (2002). Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 4, 91-107. This study examined the relationship between perceived stigma and self-esteem (SE) and the potentially moderating role of general coping skills and level of disclosure about the adolescents' mothers' sexual orientation in a sample of 76 adolescents (aged 11-18 yrs.) Because many beliefs about lesbian and gay parents and their children are open to empirical testing, psychological research can evaluate their accuracy. Email: gladlaw@glad.org Psychological Bulletin, 110, 26-46. The subjects divided fairly evenly into two groups based on whether they were sexually fixated exclusively on children or had regressed from peer relationships. to see whether the parents' homosexuality created special problems or benefits or both, for their children. (PsycINFO Database Record. (PsycINFO Database Record. Gartrell and her colleagues (2000) have also reported that grandparents were very likely to acknowledge the children of lesbian daughters as grandchildren. The TOP Guidelines cover eight fundamental aspects of research planning and reporting that can be followed by journals and authors at three levels of compliance. Journal of Homosexuality, 13, 201-211. Adults raised as children in lesbian families. Please note that APA does not endorse or take responsibility for the service providers listed. The psychiatric, psychological, and social work professions do not consider homosexual orientation to be a mental disorder. (1987). For example, hypotheses described in the body of the paper as having received mixed support should be summarized similarly in the abstract. (1975). Fear of disclosure can have disruptive effects on comfort and ease of family gatherings. Fears that children in custody of lesbian or gay parents might be at heightened risk for sexual abuse are without basis in the research literature. There were no differences between partners in their self-esteem, coming-out experiences, felt acceptance as a lesbian parent, relationship commitment, sexual satisfaction, social involvement, or their perception of their child. Return to top. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Family functioning in lesbian families created by donor insemination. ), Homosexuality and the family (pp. Topics cover psychological science, practice, (1985). In F. W. Bozett (Ed. I also offer warm thanks to Natalie Eldridge, Patricia Falk, Mary Clare, Larry Kurdek, April Martin, Vera Paster, and Roy Scrivner for their helpful comments on the first version of this manuscript and to the anonymous reviewers for their insightful help in updating the current version. By doing cross-cultural research in Papua New Guinea, on the Fore Tribesmen, at the end of the 1960s, Paul Ekman proposed the idea that facial expressions of emotion are not culturally determined, but universal. Qualitative research methods are a key component of field epidemiologic investigations because they can provide insight into the perceptions, values, opinions, and community norms where investigations are being conducted ().Open-ended inquiry methods, the mainstay of qualitative interview techniques, are essential in formative research for exploring contextual factors and Telephone: (212) 809-8585 All rights reserved.). Reviews the literature on the impact of parental homosexuality in child custody cases. Hand, S. I. As a result of the relatively high rate of divorce in the United States and the increasing awareness that many parents (an estimated 1.5 million) are homosexual, the courts and divorce mediators have become actively involved in child custody placement decisions involving homosexual parents. All rights reserved. [1] While some core ideas in the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical inquiries into emotion,[2] the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper[3] on affective computing and her book Affective Computing[4] published by MIT Press. To describe sample characteristics and compare barriers and preferences for follow-up across groups, we used descriptive statistics, 2 tests and analysis of variance. In T. Ollendick & R. Prinz (Eds. Abstract: This article studied and compared the two nonprobability sampling techniques namely, Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. (PsycINFO Database Record. It should rather be implemented in relation to research question and data availability. The child's home environment for lesbian versus heterosexual mothers: A neglected area of research. ), Homosexuality and the family (pp. Qualitative research creates mountains of words. Most children had regular contact with grandparents, other relatives, and adult nonrelatives outside their immediate households, and there were no differences in this regard as a function of parental sexual orientation. A psychologist is interested in the impacts of social network on study habits of Nigerian university students. Although commonly used, it is neither purposeful nor strategic [11]. Children of unknown donors were indistinguishable from those with known donors in psychological adjustment. The overall aim of this research was to examine whether planned lesbian mother families differ from heterosexual families on factors that are assumed to influence the parent-child relationship, such as experience of parenthood, child-rearing goals, couple relationship, and social support. Perrin, E. C. (1998). Computer Scientists Develop Software That Evaluates Facial Expressions", "Co-experience: user experience as interaction", Affective Computing Research Group at the MIT Media Laboratory, Emotive Computing Group at the University of Memphis, 2011 International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, Brain, Body and Bytes: Psychophysiological User Interaction, openSMILE: popular state-of-the-art open-source toolkit for large-scale feature extraction for affect recognition and computational paralinguistics, Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affective_computing&oldid=1092979945, Articles needing examples from September 2018, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. All rights reserved. (2000). (PsycINFO Database Record. (1994). - Sei es die eigentliche Produktion oder Herstellung (Reprinted with permission of the Haworth Press Inc. (1983). Although methodological obstacles are substantial, failure to consider research questions in this domain overlooks the welfare of individuals who may represent a sizable minority of those accessing mental health services annually. Bailey, J. M., Bobrow, D., Wolfe, M., & Mikach, S. (1995). B., Hotvedt, M. E., Gray, J., & Smith, L. (1986). ), Bos, H. M. W., van Balen, F., & van den Boom, D. C. (2004). It is suggested that the mother's sexual orientation per se should not enter into considerations on parental fitness that are commonly asserted in child custody cases. Armesto, J. C. (2002). Utah State University, United States, Robert W. Lent, PhD Psychological heterosexism in the United States. Pediatrics, 109, 341-344. Research findings that address the likelihood of sexual abuse are also summarized in this section. All rights reserved.). Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. Differences were found in race/ethnicity, age, prior marriage, income, religion, use of mental health counseling, and reported hate crimes. (2019). Johnson, S. M., & O'Connor, E. (2002). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Lesbian parenthood: A review of the literature. Researchers would be looking for variations in these cases to explain why their recoveries were atypical. Brewaeys, A., Ponjaert, I., Van Hall, E. V., & Golombok, S. (1997). Developmental Psychology, 32, 3-11. Research on non-clinical samples of children raised in lesbian-led families formed after parental divorce, together with studies of children raised in families planned by a single lesbian mother or lesbian couple, suggest that growing up in a lesbian-led family does not have negative effects on key developmental outcomes. It is important that a broad ethical mandate exist nationally that will guide the courts in providing necessary protection for children through coparent adoption. Children whose parents are lesbian or gay. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 945-951. Much of the existing research on lesbian mothers, gay fathers, and their children was initiated to address concerns that arose for such families in the context of child custody disputes, and was apparently designed at least in part to examine the veracity of common stereotypes that have been voiced in legal proceedings. 1 A study from Australia (Sarantakos, 1996) has been cited as demonstrating deficits among children raised by gay and lesbian parents in Australia compared to children raised by heterosexual couples. Population does not necessarily mean a number of people [22]. (Copyright 1995 by the American Psychological Association. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 4, 153-166. For more information, visit Supplementing Your Article With Online Material. Furthermore, the lesbian social mother has as much authority as does the father in heterosexual families. The research reveals lesbian parents and their children to be healthy, secure, and quite effective in negotiating the many challenges that accompany their stigmatized and minority status. Walnut Creek, CA: Cresswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Qualitative research instruments used for data collection include interviews, observations, and analysis of documents. Morgen, K. B. Copyright 1994. Studied the family lives of 45 adult lesbians who were also parents. Those so-called acted databases are usually based on the Basic Emotions theory (by Paul Ekman), which assumes the existence of six basic emotions (anger, fear, disgust, surprise, joy, sadness), the others simply being a mix of the former ones. Patton, M. Q. (1997). Heterosexual and homosexual mothers' self-described sex-role behavior and ideal sex-role behavior in children. Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association. (From the chapter) considers some of the issues and perspectives relevant to research on lesbian and gay families with children / [presents] an overview of research on lesbian and gay parents, and . American Psychologist, 44, 941-947. (1987). The idea behind MVS is to look at a subject from all available angles, thereby achieving a greater understanding. Sexual orientation in child and adolescent health care. Kurdek, L. A. Three concerns have historically been associated with judicial decision making in custody litigation and public policies governing foster care and adoption: the belief that lesbians and gay men are mentally ill, that lesbians are less maternal than heterosexual women, and that lesbians' and gay men's relationships with sexual partners leave little time for ongoing parent-child interactions (ACLU Lesbian and Gay Rights Project, 2002; Falk, 1989, 1994; Patterson et al., 2002; Patterson & Redding, 1996). It seems that children raised in fatherless families from birth or early infancy are not disadvantaged in terms of either the quality of their relationship with their mother or their emotional well-being. In K. Jay & A. beim Kunden Martin, A. A subject's blood volume pulse (BVP) can be measured by a process called photoplethysmography, which produces a graph indicating blood flow through the extremities. Case Western Reserve University, United States, Don E. Davis, PhD Journal of Advanced Nursing 31, 370 /77. Level of measurement or scale of measure is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables. Purposive sampling technique cannot be used when the variables in the study are quantitative in nature and also in convenience sampling, the nature of the research is mostly quantitative. Telephone: (415) 392-NCLR Smith College Studies in Social Work, 63, 265-280. Developmental Psychology, 39, 20-33. Committee on Children, Youth, and Families, I wish particularly to thank Clinton Anderson for his invaluable assistance with the current version as well as with earlier versions of this manuscript. Gender-role behavior of children was also assessed by Green and his colleagues (1986). Kurdek, L. A. Other criticisms have been that most studies have been based on relatively small samples, that there have been difficulties with assessment procedures employed in some studies, and that the classification of parents as lesbian, gay, or heterosexual has been problematic. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Comparing the impact of homosexual and heterosexual parents on children: Meta-analysis of existing research. Children of lesbian and gay parents. A sample would be a selection of few students from all of the Universities in Nigeria, which the researcher has to get for the testing. It can also refer to total quantity of the things or cases which are the subject of our research.

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