To read more incredible stories of heroism from our aviation family click here. Woman fighting eviction 'blows herself up in house with dozens of cats', Sphynx cat tattooed by Mexican gangsters finds forever home in US, Joe Biden had a cancerous lesion removed from his chest. Meurs then radioed the tower that they were "ready for takeoff" and "waiting for our ATC clearance". Instead, departing aircraft needed to taxi along the runway to position themselves for takeoff, a procedure known as a backtaxi or backtrack.[4]. Analysis of the CVR transcript showed that the KLM pilot thought that he had been cleared for takeoff, while the Tenerife control tower believed that the KLM 747 was stationary at the end of the runway, awaiting takeoff clearance. The flight engineer was the only member of the KLM's flight crew to react to the control tower's instruction to "report when runway clear"; this might have been due to his having completed his pre-flight checks, whereas his colleagues were experiencing an increased workload, just as the visibility worsened. In 1977, a cross in Rancho Bernardo was dedicated to nineteen area residents who died in the disaster. Other major factors contributing to the accident were: The following factors were considered contributing but not critical: The Dutch authorities were reluctant to accept the Spanish report blaming the KLM captain for the accident. WEVE GOT TO JUMP. The KLM 747 was travelling at around 160 mph when they spotted the Pan Am desperately trying to clear the runway. The passenger had jumped off the aircraft, and others had landed on top of her. [22] There were no markings or signs to identify the runway exits and they were in conditions of poor visibility. Because the flight crew was performing the checklist, copying the clearance was postponed until the aircraft was in takeoff position. After voicing her fears to Ridout, he jokingly replied: Dont worry. Her bravery, heroism, courage and skills saved the lives of countless passengers. The sudden fog greatly limited visibility and the control tower and the crews of both planes were unable to see one another. International Monument for those who died in the Tenerife aviation disaster on March 27th 1977. The disaster claimed the lives of all 346 people onboard, still the worst single-plane crash to have no survivors. You dont stop to think about how this is affecting you, theres a job there and you have to do it. It was only now, as she attempted to use a pair of scissors, Dorothy realised she had broken her arm. This memorial stands at Mount Mesa Mota, Tenerife, Canary Islands. The Pan Am aircraft did not leave the runway at the third intersection as instructed. A large fire immediately ignited. Get off! A five-year lawsuit against United ensued and eventually, the carrier rehired Dorothy and several other former Pan Am crew. At this point, her training kicked in, and she started to yell:WEVE GOT TO GET OUT OF HERE. Resulting in 583 fatalities, this accident is the deadliest in aviation history. On March 27, 1977, two Boeing 747 passenger jets, operating KLM Flight 4805 and Pan Am Flight 1736, collided on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport (now Tenerife North Airport ) on the Spanish island of Tenerife. The monumental art work by renowned Dutch artist Rudi van de Wint, who suddenly died in May 2006, is an 18-metre spiral stair case, named Stairway to Heaven, of which the steps appear to move endlessly upward into infinity, but are cut off suddenly. The flight was Pan Am 103, which was subsequently blown up over the Scottish town of Lockerbie. The 'Queen of Chess' who defeated Kasparov. Seeing some of her colleagues in the carnage, she ran over and got them to check how serious it was. The Boeing 747-121 (N736PA) Clipper Victor had stopped in Chicago (ORD) to collect more holidaymakers before a final layover in New York (JFK) to collect the remaining passengers and change crew. Approaching Las Palmas (02:43) Pan Am flight 1736 is nearing the Canary Islands on March 27, 1977. It was inaugurated on March 27, 2007. The spiral theme is a symbol of infinity. [4] About 70 personnel were involved in the investigation, including representatives from the United States, the Netherlands[48] and the two airline companies. The aircraft was a Boeing 747-121, registration N736PA, named Clipper Victor. Captain Van Zanten interrupted and stated:Were going. Write by: . Bragg had 10,800 flight hours, of which 2,796 hours were on the 747. It is a monument of which we can be proud, and which honors the victims. These were the 2 cockpit observers who may as well be considered passengers, 2 flight attendants, and 12 passengers. Patches of thick fog were drifting across the airfield, so visibility was greatly reduced for pilots and the control tower. Tenerife airport disaster survivors. Dorothy has a message for those who so often forget this: Its not about what youre going to get fed or how quickly youre going to get a glass of champagne. He has been a freelance writer for more . Photo / Supplied . Meurs read the flight clearance back to the controller, completing the readback with the statement: "We are now at takeoff. tenerife airport disaster survivors. Five hundred and eighty-three . It was really gruesome but the adrenaline was really going and I guess thats how people get through war and similar things. Veldhuyzen van Zanten emphatically replied "Oh, yes" and continued with the takeoff. [39] Among the survivors were the captain, first officer, and flight engineer. Flames, one survivor said, did most of the damage. The aircraft was a Boeing 747-206B, registration PH-BUF, named Rijn (Rhine). [46] Los Rodeos was fully reopened on April 3rd, after wreckage had been fully removed and engineers had repaired the airport's runway.[47]. She was then asked to help with the burns victims, removing burnt clothing and skin from the injured to prevent infection. The KLM plane had reached the end of the runway, turned and was now ready for take-off. According to the ALPA report, as the Pan Am aircraft taxied to the runway, the visibility was about 500m (1,600ft). One of those survivors was Purser Dorothy Kelly. After the March 1977 smash, which killed 583, her then-boyfriend Jack Ridout tried to help a stewardess trying to deploy an escape raft only for an explosion to decapitate the Pan Am worker. And also those on KLM flight 4805: Purser C.W. Lost in translation and unable to see the runway, the controller simply responded: Ok. The Tenerife airport disaster happened on March 27, 1977, when two Boeing 747s collided on the ground of Los Rodeos Airport (now Tenerife North Airport). She woke up in total darkness, dazed and disoriented, completely unaware of what had happened. The worst aviation diaster in history will no longer escape anybodys notice. She then came across a woman lying under the wing. confessionsofatrolleydolly.com by Dan Air. Website about the largest aircrash in our history. Initially, the American crew requested to hold above the island until it reopened. In addition, neither of the aircraft could be seen from the control tower, and the airport was not equipped with ground radar. She was greeted with complete carnage. Once they confirmed the wound was superficial, she continued her rescue efforts. From the people who made punctuality possible", "San Jose Inside Dutch Hamann Part 2", "Canary Island Separatist Says Group Planted Bomb But Did Not Cause Crash", "Experts converge on Canaries to probe plane crash", "Desert Sun 29 March 1977 California Digital Newspaper Collection", "30 Mar 1977, Page 4 - The Naples Daily News", "The Deadliest Plane Crash - The Final Eight Minutes", "B742 / B741, Tenerife Canary Islands Spain, 1977 - SKYbrary Aviation Safety", "Final report and comments of the Netherlands Aviation Safety Board", "The Vulnerable System: An Analysis of the Tenerife Air Disaster", "CIAIAC | Publications | Relevant reports | A-102/1977 and A-103/1977 2.1 Analysis", "World's deadliest airline disaster occurred 36 years ago today", "Tenerife Disaster 27 March 1977: The Utility of the Swiss Cheese Model & other Accident Causation Frameworks", "The Evolution of Crew Resource Management Training in Commercial Aviation", "Tenerife North airport will get a new control tower, more than 30 years after world's biggest air disaster", "Around the Ranch: All about Battle Mountain", "Rancho Bernardo cross undergoes repairs", "COMUNICADO: Monumento International Tenerife Memorial donado al Cabildo; avanzan los trabajos de cimentacin en la Mesa Mota", "Monumento Conmemorativo Internacional March 2, 2007 + Foto-Video", Survivor remembers deadliest aviation disaster in Tenerife, Official Spanish and Dutch accident reports, English translation of Spanish report and Dutch response, A-102/1977 y A-103/1977 Accidente Ocurrido el 27 de Marzo de 1977 a las Aeronaves Boeing 747, Matrcula PH-BUF de K.L.M. But when the all clear came to resume their journeys, a combination of bad weather and miscommunication meant that Pan Am Flight 1736 was still on the runway as KLM Flight 4805 attempted take-off. Investigations, books, news reports, academic studies, and even movies have chronicled what's known as the Tenerife. Survivors recall the event. February 19, 2023. Keulen, J.M.L. With passengers already on board and enough fuel for the short hop, the Pan Am Clipper was ready to leave. Japan Airlines Flight 123 (1985) 3. [17] The airport had only one runway and one major taxiway running parallel to it, with four short taxiways connecting the two. Feathers, who now lives in Dayton Beach and works for the News-Journal said she kept repeating No. [16], Los Rodeos was a regional airport that could not easily accommodate all of the traffic diverted from Gran Canaria, which included five large airliners. Worst Air Disaster in History (02:01) 583 people died when two airplanes crashed in the Canary Islands. On March 27, 1977, two Boeing 747 passenger jets, KLM Flight 4805 and Pan Am Flight 1736, collided on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport (now Tenerife North Airport), on the Spanish island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, killing 583 people, making it the deadliest accident in aviation history. Read about our approach to external linking. Difficulties with communications also meant the pilots were unsure whether the controller had told them to take the first or the third taxiway. Video, 00:00:36Tears of relief after man found in Amazon jungle. Trapped when flooring had given way beneath them, Donovan and Jackson crawled upwards to exit with passengers by working their way forward and down along the exterior of the twisted and constantly shifting fuselage. Video, 00:00:46, Hong Kong skyscraper fire seen on city's skyline, Watch: Matt Hancock message row in 83 seconds. The Pan Am 747 now joined countless other aircraft diverted to TFN, including the KLM aircraft. Interference from simultaneous radio transmissions with the result that it was difficult to hear messages. Eh?" 326 passengers and 9 crew on the Pan Am flight died, primarily due to the spilt fuel igniting and exploding. The transparent fence encloses and protects the sculpture. Indeed, so well thought of was Van Zanten that when airline executives heard of the crash, they attempted to contact him to send to the island to aid the investigation. Things were flying around the airplane and everything moved in slow motion. By December 1988 she was based at Heathrow (LHR) and living in London with other crew when one of her colleagues asked her to swap flights. Grubbs yelled:Goddamn, that son-of-a-bitch is coming straight at us. The tower and the Pan Am were using the same frequency, which meant when they spoke at the same time, it created a hetrodyne, meaning that nobody in the KLM could hear either sentence. The collision took place in a high-density cloud. February 27, 2023 equitable estoppel california No Comments . Additionally, an ATC clearance given to an aircraft already lined-up on the runway must be prefixed with the instruction "hold position". At 17.06, the exact time of the disaster, those attending the unveiling of the monument observed two minutes of silence. [9] On 2 August 1970, in its first year of service, it also became the first 747 to be hijacked: en route between JFK and Luis Muoz Marn International Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico, it was diverted to Jos Mart International Airport in Havana, Cuba. A commemorative booklet has been published as a keepsake of the international commemoration and the unveiling of the International Tenerife Memorial on 27th March 2007. Everything just changed in a moment.. The investigation specified that Van Zanten did not intentionally take off without permission. His full sentence was, Ok, stand by for take-off, I will call you. But after he said OK and just as he was starting the rest of the sentence,, the First Officer of the Pan Am said, Were still taxiing down the runway, the Clipper 1736. At the end of C-3, the Pan Am would have to make another 148 turn, in order to continue taxiing towards the start of the runway, similar to a mirrored letter "Z". As the KLM aircraft landed first, Captain Van Zanten requested that his passengers disembark and be transferred to the terminal. It was the first 747 to be delivered to an airline. Change). The couple then sprinted away from the plane, shortly before it exploded in a huge fireball. Some 583 people died or were mortally injured on March 27th 1977 after two Boeing 747 jumbo jets collided on a runway at Los Rodeos airport, Tenerife, in the Canary Islands, making this the world's worst civil aviation disaster. History and Heroism in the Pan Am Cabin by Valerie Lester and also an interview with Dorothy Kelly by Sheila Collis for theIsland Connections website in 2007]. Both planes involved in the crash had been scheduled to depart from Las Palmas on the island of Gran Canaria. Video, 00:01:23, Watch: Matt Hancock message row in 83 seconds, Isabel Oakeshott: Why I leaked Hancock's messages. We were so busy during the whole time on the ground. There is also a memorial at the Westminster Memorial Park and Mortuary in Westminster, California, US. The word "takeoff" is now spoken only when the actual takeoff clearance is given, or when canceling that same clearance (i.e., "cleared for takeoff" or "cancel takeoff clearance"). Taxiway C-4 would have required two 35 turns. [24] The official report from the Spanish authorities explained that the controller instructed the Pan Am aircraft to use the third taxiway because this was the earliest exit that they could take to reach the unobstructed section of the parallel taxiway. My shoes came off. [19] While the KLM was backtaxiing on the runway, the controller asked the flight crew to report when it was ready to copy the ATC clearance. Airline Disaster: Crash of the Century. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. [15] There had been a phone call warning of the bomb, and another call received soon afterwards made claims of a second bomb at the airport. Both aircraft were completed destroyed. The Cockpit crew consisted of Captain Victor Grubbs (56 years old), First Officer Robert Bragg (39 years old), and Flight Engineer George Warns (46 years old). It is important that justice is done to this disaster. [25], Los Rodeos airport is at 633 meters (2,077ft) above sea level, which gives rise to weather conditions that differ from those at many other airports. It happened more than four decades ago, but the Tenerife airport disaster in Spain is still the deadliest plane crash of all time. [69][70], In 2007, the 30th anniversary marked the first time that Dutch and American next-of-kin and aid helpers from Tenerife joined an international commemoration service, held at the Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz. From the KLM flight, all 234 passengers and 14 crew perished. The instructions used the word "takeoff," but did not include an explicit statement that they were cleared for takeoff. All 248 passengers lost their lives. Of all of the 61 survivors of Pan Am Flight 1736 (the flight that had survivors come out), only 16 people came out without injuries. On March 27, 1977, two 747 passenger jets crashed on a runway on the Spanish island of Tenerife, killing 583 people. Nothing was lost in translation. [Many of the quotes for this article were taken from the incredible bookFasten Your Seat Belts! [71][72], The disaster has been featured in many TV shows and documentaries. The monument gives us, the next of kin and survivors, and also all others who were involved, an opportunity to commemorate the disaster and find inner peace. The investigation concluded that the fundamental cause of the accident was that Captain Veldhuyzen van Zanten attempted to take off without clearance. The Control tower allowed two planes to taxi on the runway, but due to the fuct that therse was fog, visibility was limited 100m. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Greater emphasis was placed on using standardised phraseology in communications, thereby reducing any chance for misunderstandings. [11][36] KLM had suggested initially that Veldhuyzen van Zanten should help with the investigation, unaware that he was the captain who had been killed in the accident.[37]. Airline officials withheld a death count pending notification of relatives. As TFN had no ground radar and fog now enveloping the airport, controllers in the tower relied on radio communications to keep track of each aircrafts location. 27 March 1977 on Tenerife : H Home @ Contact $ Search: i Help: 1 Sitemap: e Translate : Nederlands: . I went back and started pulling people away from the airplane. I looked over; it was like looking out of a second floor window about 25 feet down, and I was really scared because my feet were bare and you saw nothing but jagged metal down there and I said to myself Oh, my God, weve survived this and we are going to kill ourselves jumping down on that stuff. The KLM crew then received instructions that specified the route that the aircraft was to follow after takeoff. This crash killed 583 people onboard the two flights. On this day in 1977, a pair of fully loaded Boeing 747s collided on the runway of Los Rodeos Airport on the island of Tenerife. Initially, the crew was unclear as to whether the controller had told them to take the first or third exit. The Pan Am jumbo was now crawling down the runway as the flight crew desperately searched for their exit. In March 1977, two jumbo jets collided at Tenerife Airport killing 583 people. Feathers, who had been flying from Los Angeles to the Canaries to begin a Mediterranean cruise added: All my rings had come off my fingers. All 234 passengers and 14 crew members in the KLM plane died, as did 326 passengers and nine crew members aboard the Pan Am. None of the passengers of KLM survived the crash. The worst crash in aviation history. . Still, due to a misunderstanding between his flight crew and ATC, he fully believed they had been given clearance to take off. 4. Tenerife airline disaster, runway collision of two Boeing 747 passenger airplanes in the Canary Islands on March 27, 1977, that killed more than 580 people. It can be seen as having an open ending, but also as a never-ending motion. The Tenerife airport disaster was a fatal collision between two Boeing 747 passenger aircraft on Sunday, March 27, 1977, on the runway of Los Rodeos Airport (now known as Tenerife North Airport), on the Spanish island of Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands. All 248 passengers lost their lives. Seeing something so horrible I find that anything bad that happens to me is nothing compared with the big picture. when he spotted the KLM's landing lights through the fog just as his plane approached exit C-4. Disoriented and in shock, some of those who had jumped stood around chatting. Time and time again, we see first-hand passengers who fail to remember the main reason why cabin crew are on board an aircraft. Just 61 people survived, all from the Pan Am jumbo jet. A Dutch national memorial and final resting place for the victims of the KLM plane is located in Amsterdam, at Westgaarde cemetery. I cant believe this is happening as she ran from the plane. Both flights to the Canaries had been uneventful. I think Ive learned to be more patient in many ways. Tenerife Airport Disaster Wiki 18 pages Explore Wiki Content Community in: Flight attendants Survivors Category page Edit Trending pages Robert Bragg George Warns All items (3) # A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Other G George Warns R Robert Bragg V Victor Grubbs Categories (LogOut/ [65], Cockpit procedures were also changed after the accident. It appears to be an unfinished form, cut off suddenly, like the victims lives. Divers search for survivors of the Boeing 737 MAX aircraft operated by Lion Air. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. One of the Pan Ams four engines continued to run after the impact, which had severed all controls in the flight deck. The loss of life from the Tenerife Airport disaster was horrendous. 583 people lost their lives in the tragedy, which saw two Boeing 747 passenger jets . He tried to take off quickly on seeing the plane parked, but was unable to get sufficiently high off the ground, with all 248 people on the KLM jet killed. Jon Ziomek is a former Chicago newspaper reporter and retired Northwestern University journalism teacher and assistant dean. The ceremonies were attended by Dutch and American next of kin and survivors, as well as Spanish aid workers and others who were involved in the disaster. Tenerife survivor and author of "Never Wait For The Fire Truck" About the Author. Garbled communications between the KLM pilot and control tower prompted the Dutch aircraft to take off without being cleared to do so. 27 . The ALPA study group concluded that the KLM crew did not realize that the transmission "Papa Alpha One Seven Three Six, report when runway clear" was directed at the Pan Am, because this was the first and only time the Pan Am was referred to by that name. Get off! The sculpture will not be immediately recognized as such, and yet neither is it in practical terms a staircase. Afterwards, Feathers and Ridout were flown back to California, where they lived, but split up soon afterwards. The collision occurred when KLM Flight 4805 initiated its takeoff run while Pan Am Flight 1736 was still on the runway. All 234 passengers and 14 crew of the KLM aircraft died and 61 of the 396 passengers . As she initiated an evacuation, she noticed that blood was pouring from a wound on her head. A memorial to the victims at Tenerife North Airport, which was called Los Rodeos Airport at the time of the crash. Joosse-Wildschut, W.M. Turkish Airlines Flight 981 (1974) 5. Aircraft were packed together on taxiways and limited apron space. ", while first officer Robert Bragg yelled, "Get off! Schuurmans-Timmermans, M. Mey-Lefeber, M.E. March 27, 1977 is a date permanently etched in aviation history. Dont go back!. For a moment, the sculpture appears to move endlessly upwards, but the spiraling movement of the steps has been abruptly interrupted. AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS: TENERIFE AIRPORT DISASTER, THE WORLD'S DEADLIEST PLANE CRASH EVER . van Staveren-Marchal, J.H.M. The two. On March 27th, 2007, 30 years after the disaster, a first time ever official international memorial service for the largest aviation disaster in history was held on the initiative of the Foundation for the Surviving Relatives of the Tenerife Disaster. Tenerife Airport Disaster (1977) 2. [29], According to the cockpit voice recorder (CVR), the Pan Am captain said, "There he is!" [44][45], Spanish Army soldiers were tasked with clearing crash wreckage from the runways and taxiways. Dorothy Kelly was hit over the head by a piece of aircraft and forced through the cabin floor into the Cargo bay. Many former employees were laid off, including Kelly. He travelled with Howard Harper, who was killed. But they soon realised that the 350-tonne aircraft was hurtling towards them. Video, 00:04:00The 'Queen of Chess' who defeated Kasparov, Shuttle disaster: 'Something didn't look right' Video, 00:04:15Shuttle disaster: 'Something didn't look right', The fish that nearly caused a war. One of the 61 survivors of the Pan Am flight said that sitting in the nose of the plane probably saved his life: "We all settled back, and the next thing an explosion took place and the whole port side, left side of the plane, was just torn wide open. The impact and resulting fire killed everyone on board KLM 4805 and most of the occupants of Pan Am 1736, with only 61 survivors in the front section of the aircraft. Captain Van Zanten was growing impatient, and upon lining up with the runway, he immediately advanced the throttles and began to roll. It was the worst crash in aviation history. Following is a list of passengers on the Pan American Boeing 747 airliner who were killed in the Canary Islands crash, as provided Monday to The Associated Press by Pan American officials: DEAD. Air India Flight 855 (1978) 7. The Pan Am crew's transmission was "We're still taxiing down the runway, the Clipper 1736!" y Aeronave Boeing 747, matrcula N736PA de PANAM en el Aeropuerto de los Rodeos, Tenerife (Islas Canarias), Civil Aviation Accident and Incident Investigation Commission, Human Factors Report on the Tenerife Accident, 1947 KLM Douglas DC-3 Copenhagen disaster, December 1958 Aviaco SNCASE Languedoc crash, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenerife_airport_disaster&oldid=1142445103, Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 747, Airliner accidents and incidents involving ground collisions, Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error, Airliner accidents and incidents involving fog, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2022, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. This caused the KLM crew to miss the crucial latter portion of the tower's response. By the time the KLM pilots saw the Pan Am aircraft, they were already moving too fast to stop. Five hundred and eighty-three people were killed in what remains the deadliest air disaster in history. March 27, 1977. As it left the ground, the KLMs nose gear cleared the Pan Am, but the left engines, lower fuselage and main landing gear slammed into the upper right side of the Clippers fuselage, ripping apart the centre of the jet above the wing. A witness later said that she: Looked like Road Runner dashing backwards at 50 miles per hour. Through the fog, Captain Grubbs exclaimed:There he is, as he spotted the landing lights of the Dutch jet. In charge was Captain Jacob Veldhuyzen Van Zanten, KLMs Chief Flying Instructor and the celebrity face of theDutch carrier, appearing in promotional material and the in-flight magazine. [20], Shortly afterward, the Pan Am was instructed to follow the KLM down the same runway, exit it by taking the third exit on their left and then use the parallel taxiway. Meurs had 9,200 flight hours, of which 95 hours were on the 747. The monument, situated in a breathtaking location on Mount Mesa Mota, is fitting and inspiring. LESSONS LEARNED AND CHANGES MADE As a consequence of the crash, sweeping changes were made to international airline regulations and aircraft. The collision occurred when KLM Flight 4805 initiated its takeoff run while Pan Am Flight 1736 was still on the runway. The investigators suggested the reason for this was a desire to leave as soon as possible in order to comply with KLM's duty-time regulations (which went in place earlier that year) and before the weather deteriorated further. CRM training has been mandatory for all airline pilots since 2006.[66][67]. Youre getting too close. Video, 00:01:37, Thanks, but no big speech, in Ken Bruce's sign off, Tear gas fired at Greece train crash protesters. "[4] Captain Veldhuyzen van Zanten interrupted the co-pilot's readback with the comment, "We're going. Charkhi Dadri Mid-Air Collision (1996) 4. 1. Most of the passengers onboard the flight were senior citizens and many injured themselves as they jumped from an opening above the wing. Six of the Leisure World survivors--Herbert and Lura Waldrip, Mario Tyzbir, Byron and Grace Ellerbrock and Olson--still live there.

Funny Notification Sound, List Of California Prisons, Are Coast Guard Auxiliary Considered First Responders?, El Deleite Coffee Tequila, Articles T